职业行为准则
规则1.13:作为客户的组织
(a) A lawyer employed or retained by an organization represents the organization acting through its duly authorized constituents.
(b)如果某一组织的澳博app知道某一官员, 员工, 或者其他与该组织有关的人参与了行动, intends to act or refuses to act in a matter related to the representation that is a violation of a legal obligation, 或违反法律，合理地归咎于该组织, 并可能对组织造成重大伤害, 澳博app应根据组织的最大利益进行合理必要的程序. Unless the lawyer reasonably believes that it is not necessary in the best interest of the organization to do so, 澳博app应将此事提交本组织的上级机关处理, 包括, 如果情况允许的话, 根据适用法律的规定，可以代表组织行事的最高权力机构.
(c)与一个组织的董事打交道, 军官, 员工, 成员, 股东, 或者其他成分, a lawyer shall explain the identity of the client when it is apparent that the organization’s interests may be adverse to those of the constituents with whom the lawyer is dealing.
(d)代表一个组织的澳博app也可以代表该组织的任何董事, 军官, 员工, 成员, 股东, 或者其他成分, 以规则1的规定为准.7. 如果规则1要求该组织同意双重代表.7, the consent shall be given by an appropriate official of the organization other than the individual who is to be represented, 或者由股东决定.
评论
作为客户的实体
[1]组织客户是指法人实体, 但它只能通过它的官员行动, 董事, 员工, 股东, 以及其他成分. 军官, 董事, 员工, 股东是企业组织客户的组成部分. 本评论规定的义务同样适用于非法人社团. 本评论中所用的“其他成员”是指相当于官员的职位, 董事, 员工, 代表非公司的组织客户的人持有的股东.
[2] When one of the constituents of an organizational client communicates with the organization’s lawyer in that person’s organizational capacity, 通信受规则1的保护.6. 因此, 举个例子, 如果组织客户要求其澳博app调查不当行为的指控, interviews made in the course of that investigation between the lawyer and the client’s 员工 或者其他成分 are covered by 规则1.6. 这并不意味着, 然而, 组织客户的组成部分是澳博app的客户. The lawyer may not disclose to such constituents information relating to the representation except for disclosures explicitly or impliedly authorized by the organizational client in order to carry out the representation or as otherwise permitted by 规则1.6.
[3]当组织的成员为组织做决策时, the decisions ordinarily must be accepted by the lawyer even if their utility or prudence is doubtful. 有关政策和操作的决策, 包括涉及严重风险的项目, 这不是澳博app的职责吗. (b)段说明得很清楚, 然而, that when the lawyer knows that the organization is likely to be substantially injured by action of an officer or other constituent that violates a legal obligation to the organization or is in violation of law that might be imputed to the organization, 澳博app必须在合理必要的情况下为组织的最佳利益行事. 如规则1所定义.0(f)，知识可以从环境中推断出来，澳博app不能忽视显而易见的事实.
[4]在决定如何根据(b)段进行时, 澳博app应充分考虑违法行为的严重性及其后果, 组织中的责任和相关人员的明显动机, 政策:该组织有关这些问题的政策, 以及其他相关的考虑. 通常情况下，必须将其提交给上级主管部门. 在某些情况下, 然而, it may be appropriate for the lawyer to ask the constituent to reconsider the matter; 例如, if the circumstances involve a constituent’s innocent misunderstanding of law and subsequent acceptance of the lawyer’s advice, the lawyer may reasonably conclude that the best interest of the organization does not require that the matter be referred to higher authority. 选民坚持违反澳博app劝告的行为, it will be necessary for the lawyer to take steps to have the matter reviewed by a higher authority in the organization. 如果事件对组织来说是足够的严重性和重要性或紧迫性, referral to higher authority in the organization may be necessary even if the lawyer has not communicated with the constituent. 采取的任何措施, 在切实可行的范围内, minimize the risk of revealing information relating to the representation to persons outside the organization. 即使在澳博app不受规则1约束的情况下.13 .继续, 澳博app可能会引起组织客户的注意, 包括其最高权威, matters that the lawyer reasonably believes to be of sufficient importance to warrant doing so in the best interest of the organization.
[5] When it is reasonably necessary to enable the organization to address the matter in a timely and appropriate manner, (b)款要求澳博app将此事提交上级机关处理, 包括, 如果情况允许的话, 在适用法律下代表组织行事的最高权力机构. The organization’s highest authority to whom a matter may be referred ordinarily will be the board of 董事 or similar governing body. 然而, 适用法律可规定，在某些情况下，最高权力归于别处, 例如, 公司的独立董事.
[6]尽管模型规则1.13 contains a “reporting out” requirement that authorizes disclosure of confidential client information concerning an organizational client that would be prohibited with respect to other types of clients, D.C. 规则1.第13条并未扩大允许向组织客户披露信息的种类. 在D下面.C. 规则, client confidences are protected to the same degree whether the client is an organization or an individual. 如果澳博app向组织的最高主管部门报告了一件事, 该机构已决定不采取澳博app建议的任何行动, 澳博app应该接受当局的决定, just as the lawyer is required to abide by the decision of an individual client to maintain confidences and secrets – unless disclosure is authorized under 规则1.6. 如果作出有约束力的司法裁定，则D .规定的披露限制.C. 规则1.13 are preempted by federal law conferring broader authority to disclose client confidences or secrets of certain types of organizational clients, 澳博app可以行使联邦法律赋予的更广泛的权力. D的限制.C. 规则, 然而, would continue to apply to protection of confidences and secrets of other types of organizational clients.
与其他规则的关系
[7]本规则不限制或扩大规则1规定的澳博app责任.6, 1.8, 1.16, 3.3，和4.1. If the lawyer’s services are being used by an organization to further a crime or fraud by the organization, 规则1.2(e)和1.6 (d)可以适用.
政府机构
[8]本条规定的职责包括政府组织的代表. 看到 规则1.6条评论[37]至[40].
明确澳博app的角色
[9] There are times when the organization’s interest may be or become adverse to those of one or more of its constituents. 在这种情况下，澳博app应向任何选民提供意见, 澳博app认为谁的利益与组织的利益相抵触, 利益冲突或潜在的利益冲突, 澳博app不能代表这样的选民, 并且这样的人可能希望获得独立的代表. 必须注意确保个人理解这一点, 当有这样的逆境的兴趣, 该组织的澳博app不能为该组成个人提供法律代理, and that discussions between the lawyer for the organization and the individual may not be privileged.
[10] Whether such a warning should be given by the lawyer for the organization to any constituent individual may turn on the facts of each case.
二元表示
[11] Paragraph (c) recognizes that a lawyer for an organization may also represent a principal officer or major shareholder.
导数的行为
[12]根据普遍适用的法律, the 股东 or 成员 of a corporation may bring suit to compel the 董事 to perform their legal obligations in the supervision of the organization. 非法人社团的成员基本上享有同样的权利. 这种行动可以由该组织名义上提起, 但通常是, 事实上, 关于组织管理的法律争议.
[13]问题是，该组织的澳博app是否可以为这种行为辩护. 组织是澳博app的客户这一命题并不能单独解决问题. 大多数派生行为是组织事务中的正常事件, 像其他诉讼一样由该组织的澳博app辩护. 然而, 如果索赔涉及控制组织的人对不法行为的严重指控, a conflict may arise between the lawyer’s duty to the organization and the lawyer’s relationship with the board. 在这种情况下，规则1.7 governs whether lawyers who normally serve as counsel to the corporation can properly represent both the 董事 and the organization.
